Openings
| 1♣ | 11–20, 2+♣ |
| 1♦ | 11–20, 4+♦ |
| 1♥♠ | 11–20, 5+# |
| 1NT | 15–17, 2–5♠, 2–5♥, 2–6♦, 2–6♣ |
With 4-4 in the minors, open 1♦. Also open 1♦ with 11–17, 4+♦, 5=♣ unless the hand fits 1NT.
The notrump ladder
- 12–14: 1♣ - 1♦♥ - 1♥♠
- 15–17: 1NT
- 18–20: 1♣ - 1♦♥ - 1NT